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--- notes:lpic-1_notes [2026/07/23 13:39]
202.69.42.242 old revision restored (2026/07/08 03:11)
+++ notes:lpic-1_notes [2026/07/24 20:10] (current)
216.73.217.13 old revision restored (2026/07/24 14:26)
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 ==== 101 System Architecture 14% ====
-===  101.1 Determine and Configure hardware settings (LCN-1 CTL-3) ===
+===  101.1 Determine and Configure hardware settings (LCN-3 CTL-3) ===
   * Enable and disable integrated peripherals
   * Configure systems with or without external peripherals such as keyboards
@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
   * Terms: /sys, /proc, /dev, modprobe, lsmod, lspci, lsusb
-===  101.2 Boot the System (LCN-2 CTL-5) ===
+== Notes ==
+  * BIOS - Basic I/O System - systim init, memory testing, low-level system-config, OS boot order (CD, floppy, HD, PXE), internal HW clock
+  * /proc fs is kernel's status repository: interrupts, dma, ioports
+  * Universal Serial Bus (USB)
+    * //lsusb [-t] [-vv] // - t-tree view, vv-very verbose
+    * Open Host Controller Interface (OHCI) - USB 1.1
+    * Universal Host Controller Interface (UHCI) - USB 1.1 - 12 MBps - low+full speed
+    * Enhanced Host Controller Interface (EHCI) - USB 2.0 - 480 MBps - high speed
+    * Extensible Host Controller Interface (XHCI) - USB 3.0 - 4 GBps - super speed
+    * Effective speed is lowest speed of device, cable and hub
+    * Classes of USB devices :
+      * Human Interface Device (HID) - Input devices: mice, keyboards, etc.)
+      * Communications device - Modems
+      * Mass storage device - Disk devices, flash readers, etc.
+      * Audio - Sound devices
+      * IrDA - Infrared devices
+      * Printer - Printers and USB-to-parallel cables
+    * Linux kernel supported USB in v2.3.x, backported to 2.2.18
+    * Linux drivers may be host controller drivers (e.g. usb-ohci.o), class drivers (e.g. hid.o, usb-storage.o, printer.o, audio.o) or device-specific drivers
+    * usbcore.o -> host controller driver -> class/device driver
+    * Modularized USB drivers are loaded by the generic /sbin/hotplug kernel support
+  * //lsdev// - shows hardware including IRQ info, I/O ports and DMA channels
+  *  //lspci [-t] [-vv]// - info about system’s PCI buses and installed PCI devices
+  * A module is dynamically linked into the running kernel when it is loaded
+    * //insmod/rmmod// - insert/remove mocule, no dependency checking
+    * //modprobe [-r] [-a] [-t type]// - list, insert or remove modules. Does dependency checking.
+    * //lsmod// - list modules //modinfo module-object-file.o// - info about a module file
+  * sysfs is a RAM-based filesystem derived from ramfs. It provides a means to export kernel data structures to  user space. // mount -t sysfs sysfs /sys//
+  * The udev process uses sysfs info to create dynamic device files as kernel modules are loaded. /etc/udev.d holds rules to be applied when adding or removing a device.
+  * D-Bus is an IPC system that uses sysfs to implement a message bus daemon used for broadcasting system events e.g.“new device added” or “printer queue changed”.
+  * hal was a hw abstraction layer (hw access API) on top of udev using D-Bus. It has been deprecated and rolled into udev and the kernel.
+===  101.2 Boot the System (LCN-4 CTL-5) ===
   * Provide common commands to the boot loader and options to the kernel at boot time
   * Demonstrate knowledge of the boot sequence from BIOS to boot completion
@@ Line 23: / Line 56: @@
   * Terms: /var/log/messages, dmesg, BIOS, bootloader, kernel, init
-=== 101.3 Change runlevels and shutdown or reboot system (LCN-2 CTL-5) ===
+=== 101.3 Change runlevels and shutdown or reboot system (LCN-4 CTL-5) ===
   * Set the default run level
   * Change between run levels including single user mode
@@ Line 31: / Line 64: @@
   * Knowledge of basic features of systemd and Upstart
   * Terms: /etc/inittab, shutdown, init, /etc/init.d, telinit
+<pagebreak>
 ==== 102 Installation and Package Management 18% ====
-=== 102.1 Design hard disk layout (Chapter 3) ===
+=== 102.1 Design hard disk layout (LCN-5 CTL-3) ===
   * Allocate filesystems and swap space to separate partitions or disks
   * Tailor the design to the intended use of the system
@@ Line 41: / Line 74: @@
   * Terms: / (root) filesystem, /var filesystem, /home filesystem, swap space, mount points, partitions
-=== 102.2 Install a boot manager (Chapter 5) ===
+=== 102.2 Install a boot manager (LCN-5 CTL-5) ===
   * Providing alternative boot locations and backup boot options
   * Install and configure a boot loader such as GRUB Legacy
@@ Line 48: / Line 81: @@
   * Terms: /boot/grub/menu.lst, grub.cfg and other variations, grub-install, MBR, superblock
-=== 102.3 Manage shared libraries (Chapter 2) ===
+=== 102.3 Manage shared libraries (LCN-5 CTL-2) ===
   * Identify shared libraries
   * Identify the typical locations of system libraries
@@ Line 54: / Line 87: @@
   * Terms: ldd, ldconfig, /etc/ld.so.conf, LD_LIBRARY_PATH
-=== 102.4 Use Debian package management (Chapter 2) ===
+=== 102.4 Use Debian package management (LCN-5 CTL-2) ===
   * Install, upgrade and uninstall Debian binary packages
   * Find packages containing specific files or libraries which may or may not be installed
@@ Line 60: / Line 93: @@
   * Terms: /etc/apt/sources.list, dpkg, dpkg-reconfigure, apt-get, apt-cache, aptitude
-=== 102.5 Use RPM and YUM package management (Chapter 2) ===
+=== 102.5 Use RPM and YUM package management (LCN-5 CTL-2) ===
   * Install, re-install, upgrade and remove packages using RPM and YUM
   * Obtain information on RPM packages such as version, status, dependencies, integrity and signatures
@@ Line 66: / Line 99: @@
   * Terms: rpm, rpm2cpio, /etc/yum.conf, /etc/yum.repos.d/, yum, yumdownloader
-==== 103 GNU / Unix Commands	43%   ====
+==== 103 GNU / Unix Commands 43%   ====
-=== 103.1 Work on the command line (Chapter 1) ===
+=== 103.1 Work on the command line (LCN-6 CTL-1) ===
   * Use single shell commands and one line command sequences to perform basic tasks on the command line
   * Use and modify the shell environment including defining, referencing and exporting environment variables
@@ Line 75: / Line 108: @@
   * Terms: ., bash, echo, env, exec, export, pwd, set, unset, man, uname, history
-=== 103.2 Process text streams using filters (Chapter 1) ===
+=== 103.2 Process text streams using filters (LCN-6 CTL-1) ===
   * Send text files and output streams through text utility filters to modify the output
   * Using standard UNIX commands found in the GNU textutils package
   * Terms: cat, cut, expand, fmt, head, od, join, nl, paste, pr, sed, sort, split, tail, tr, unexpand, uniq, wc
-=== 103.3 Perform basic file management (Chapter 4) ===
+=== 103.3 Perform basic file management (LCN-6 CTL-4) ===
   * Copy, move and remove files and directories individually
   * Copy multiple files and directories recursively
@@ Line 89: / Line 122: @@
   * Terms: cp, find, mkdir, mv, ls, rm, rmdir, touch, tar, cpio, dd, file, gzip, gunzip, bzip2, file globbing
-=== 103.4 Use streams, pipes and redirects (Chapter 1) ===
+=== 103.4 Use streams, pipes and redirects (LCN-6 CTL-1) ===
   * Redirecting standard input, standard output and standard error
   * Pipe the output of one command to the input of another command
@@ Line 96: / Line 129: @@
   * Terms: tee, xargs
-=== 103.5 Create, monitor and kill processes (Chapter 2) ===
+=== 103.5 Create, monitor and kill processes (LCN-6 CTL-2) ===
   * Run jobs in the foreground and background
   * Signal a program to continue running after logout
@@ Line 104: / Line 137: @@
   * Terms: &, bg, fg, jobs, kill, nohup, ps, top, free, uptime, killall
-=== 103.6 Modify process execution priorities (Chapter 2) ===
+=== 103.6 Modify process execution priorities (LCN-6 CTL-2) ===
   * Know the default priority of a job that is created
   * Run a program with higher or lower priority than the default
@@ Line 110: / Line 143: @@
   * Terms: nice, ps, renice, top
-=== 103.7 Search text files using regular expressions (Chapter 1) ===
+=== 103.7 Search text files using regular expressions (LCN-6 CTL-1) ===
   * Create simple regular expressions containing several notational elements
   * Use regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or file content
   * The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities: grep, egrep, fgrep, sed, regex(7)
-=== 103.8 Perform basic file editing operations using vi (Chapter 5) ===
+=== 103.8 Perform basic file editing operations using vi (LCN-6 CTL-5) ===
   * Navigate a document using vi
   * Use basic vi modes
@@ Line 123: / Line 156: @@
 ====  104 Devices, Filesystems, Filesystem Hierarchy 25% ====
-=== 104.1 Create partitions and filesystems (Chapter 3) ===
+=== 104.1 Create partitions and filesystems (LCN-7 CTL-3) ===
   * Use various mkfs commands to set up partitions and create various filesystems such as: ext2, ext3, xfs, reiserfs v3, vfat
   * Terms: fdisk, mkfs, mkswap
-=== 104.2 Maintain the integrity of filesystems (Chapter 3) ===
+=== 104.2 Maintain the integrity of filesystems (LCN-7 CTL-3) ===
   * Verify the integrity of filesystems
   * Monitor free space and inodes
@@ Line 133: / Line 166: @@
   * Terms: du, df, fsck, e2fsck, mke2fs, debugfs, dumpe2fs, tune2fs, xfs tools (such as xfs_metadump and xfs_info)
-=== 104.3 Control mounting and unmounting of filesystems (Chapter 3) ===
+=== 104.3 Control mounting and unmounting of filesystems (LCN-7 CTL-3) ===
   * Manually mount and unmount filesystems
   * Configure filesystem mounting on bootup
@@ Line 139: / Line 172: @@
   * Terms: /etc/fstab, /media, mount, umount
-=== 104.4 Manage disk quotas (Chapter 4) ===
+=== 104.4 Manage disk quotas (LCN-7 CTL-4) ===
   * Set up a disk quota for a filesystem
   * Edit, check and generate user quota reports
   * Terms: quota, edquota, repquota, quotation
-=== 104.5 Manage file permissions and ownership (Chapter 4) ===
+=== 104.5 Manage file permissions and ownership (LCN-7 CTL-4) ===
   * Manage access permissions on regular and special files as well as directories
   * Use access modes such as suid, sgid and the sticky bit to maintain security
@@ Line 151: / Line 184: @@
   * Terms: chmod, umask, chown, chgrp
-=== 104.6 Create and change hard and symbolic links (Chapter 4) ===
+=== 104.6 Create and change hard and symbolic links (LCN-7 CTL-4) ===
   * Create links
   * Identify hard and/or soft links
@@ Line 158: / Line 191: @@
   * Terms: ln
-=== 104.7 Find system files and place files in the correct location (Chapter 4) ===
+=== 104.7 Find system files and place files in the correct location (LCN-7 CTL-4) ===
   * Understand the correct locations of files under the FHS
   * Find files and commands on a Linux system
@@ Line 168: / Line 201: @@
 ==== 105 Shells, Scripting and Data Management 17%  ====
-=== 105.1 Customize and use the shell environment (Chapter 9) ===
+=== 105.1 Customize and use the shell environment (LCN-13 CTL-9) ===
   * Set environment variables (e.g., PATH) at login or when spawning a new shell
   * Write BASH functions for frequently used sequences of commands
@@ Line 175: / Line 208: @@
   * Terms: /etc/profile, env, export, set, unset, ~/.bash_profile, ~/.bash_login, ~/.profile, ~/.bashrc, ~/.bash_logout, function, alias, lists
-=== 105.2 Customize or write simple scripts (Chapter 9) ===
+=== 105.2 Customize or write simple scripts (LCN-13 CTL-9) ===
   * Use standard sh syntax (loops, tests)
   * Use command substitution
@@ Line 184: / Line 217: @@
   * Terms: for, while, test, if, read, seq
-=== 105.3 SQL data management (Chapter 9) ===
+=== 105.3 SQL data management (LCN-13 CTL-9) ===
   * Use of basic SQL commands
   * Perform basic data manipulation
@@ Line 191: / Line 224: @@
 ==== 106 User Interfaces and Desktops 8% ====
-=== 106.1 Install and configure X11 (Chapter 6) ===
+=== 106.1 Install and configure X11 (LCN-14 CTL-6) ===
   * Verify that the video card and monitor are supported by an X server
   * Awareness of the X font server
@@ Line 197: / Line 230: @@
   * Terms: /etc/X11/xorg.conf, xhost, DISPLAY, xwininfo, xdpyinfo, X
-=== 106.2 Setup a display manager (Chapter 6) ===
+=== 106.2 Setup a display manager (LCN-14 CTL-6) ===
   * Turn the display manager on or off
   * Change the display manager greeting
@@ Line 204: / Line 237: @@
   * Terms: /etc/inittab; plus xdm, kdm, and gdm configuration files
-=== 106.3 Accessibility (Chapter 6) ===
+=== 106.3 Accessibility (LCN-14 CTL-6) ===
   * Keyboard Accessibility Settings (AccessX)
   * Visual Settings and Themes
   * Assistive Technology (ATs)
   * Terms: Sticky/Repeat Keys, Slow/Bounce/Toggle Keys, Mouse Keys, High Contrast/Large Print Desktop Themes, Screen Reader, Braille Display, Screen Magnifier, On-Screen Keyboard, Gestures (used at login, for example gdm), Orca, GOK, emacspeak
 ==== 107 Administrative Tasks 20% ====
-=== 107.1 Manage user and group accounts and related system files (Chapter 7) ===
+=== 107.1 Manage user and group accounts and related system files (LCN-15 CTL-7) ===
   * Add, modify and remove users and groups
   * Manage user/group info in password/group databases
@@ Line 217: / Line 251: @@
   * Terms: /etc/passwd, /etc/shadow, /etc/group, /etc/skel, chage, groupadd, groupdel, groupmod, passwd, useradd, userdel, usermod
-=== 107.2 Automate system administration tasks by scheduling jobs (Chapter 9) ===
+=== 107.2 Automate system administration tasks by scheduling jobs (LCN-15 CTL-9) ===
   * Manage cron and at jobs
   * Configure user access to cron and at services
   * Terms: /etc/cron.{d,daily,hourly,monthly,weekly}, /etc/at.deny, /etc/at.allow, /etc/crontab, /etc/cron.allow, /etc/cron.deny, /var/spool/cron/*, crontab, at, atq, atrm
-=== 107.3 Localization and internationalization (Chapter 6) ===
+=== 107.3 Localization and internationalization (LCN-15 CTL-6) ===
   * Locale settings
   * Timezone settings
@@ Line 229: / Line 263: @@
 ==== 108 Essential System Services 17% ====
-=== 108.1 Maintain system time (Chapter 7) ===
+=== 108.1 Maintain system time (LCN-16 CTL-7) ===
   * Set the system date and time
   * Set the hardware clock to the correct time in UTC
@@ Line 237: / Line 271: @@
   * Terms: /usr/share/zoneinfo, /etc/timezone, /etc/localtime, /etc/ntp.conf, date, hwclock, ntpd, ntpdate, pool.ntp.org
-=== 108.2 System logging (Chapter 7) ===
+=== 108.2 System logging (LCN-16 CTL-7) ===
   * Syslog configuration files
   * syslog standard facilities, priorities and actions
   * Terms: syslog.conf, syslogd, klogd, logger
-=== 108.3 Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) basics (Chapter 9) ===
+=== 108.3 Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) basics (LCN-17 CTL-9) ===
   * Create e-mail aliases
   * Configure e-mail forwarding
@@ Line 248: / Line 282: @@
   * Terms: ~/.forward, sendmail emulation layer commands, newaliases, mail, mailq, postfix, sendmail, exim, qmail
-=== 108.4 Manage printers and printing (Chapter 6) ===
+=== 108.4 Manage printers and printing (LCN-18 CTL-6) ===
   * Basic CUPS configuration (for local and remote printers)
   * Manage user print queues
@@ Line 257: / Line 291: @@
 ==== 109 Networking Fundamentals 23% ====
-=== 109.1 Fundamentals of internet protocols (Chapter 8) ===
+=== 109.1 Fundamentals of internet protocols (LCN-19 CTL-8) ===
   * Demonstrate an understanding network masks
   * Knowledge of the differences between private and public “dotted quad” IP-Addresses
@@ Line 267: / Line 301: @@
   * Terms: /etc/services, ftp, telnet, host, ping, dig, traceroute, tracepath
-=== 109.2 Basic network configuration (Chapter 8) ===
+=== 109.2 Basic network configuration (LCN-20 CTL-8) ===
   * Manually and automatically configure network interfaces
   * Basic TCP/IP host configuration
   * Terms: /etc/hostname, /etc/hosts, /etc/resolv.conf, /etc/nsswitch.conf, ifconfig, ifup, ifdown, route, ping
-=== 109.3 Basic network troubleshooting (Chapter 8) ===
+=== 109.3 Basic network troubleshooting (LCN-21 CTL-8) ===
   * Manually and automatically configure network interfaces and routing tables
   * Including adding, starting, stopping, restarting, deleting or reconfiguring network interfaces
@@ Line 279: / Line 313: @@
   * Terms: ifconfig, ifup, ifdown, route, host, hostname, dig, netstat, ping, traceroute
-=== 109.4 Configure client side DNS (Chapter 8) ===
+=== 109.4 Configure client side DNS (LCN-20 CTL-8) ===
   * Demonstrate the use of DNS on the local system
   * Modify the order in which name resolution is done
@@ Line 286: / Line 320: @@
 ==== 110 Security 15% ====
-=== 110.1 Perform security administration tasks (Chapter 10) ===
+=== 110.1 Perform security administration tasks (LCN-22 CTL-10) ===
   * Audit a system to find files with the suid/sgid bit set
   * Set or change user passwords and password aging information
@@ Line 294: / Line 328: @@
   * Terms: find, passwd, lsof, nmap, chage, netstat, sudo, /etc/sudoers, su, usermod, ulimit
-=== 110.2 Setup host security (Chapter 10) ===
+=== 110.2 Setup host security (LCN-23 CTL-10) ===
   * Awareness of shadow passwords and how they work
   * Turn off network services not in use
@@ Line 300: / Line 334: @@
   * Terms: /etc/nologin, /etc/passwd, /etc/shadow, /etc/xinetd.d/*, /etc/xinetd.conf, /etc/inetd.d/*, /etc/inetd.conf, /etc/inittab, /etc/init.d/*, /etc/hosts.allow, /etc/hosts.deny
-=== 110.3 Securing data with encryption (Chapter 10) ===
+=== 110.3 Securing data with encryption (LCN-24 CTL-10) ===
   * Perform basic OpenSSH 2 client configuration and usage
   * Understand the role of OpenSSH 2 server host keys

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