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| ===== History of The Universe ===== | ===== History of The Universe ===== | ||
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| * 3.8 bya - first life on Earth | * 3.8 bya - first life on Earth | ||
| * 3.5 bya - photosynthesis starts | * 3.5 bya - photosynthesis starts | ||
| - | * 3.3 bya - 2.8 bya - Vaalbara supercontinent exists | ||
| * Proterozoic Eon : 2.5 bya - 550 mya | * Proterozoic Eon : 2.5 bya - 550 mya | ||
| * 2.4 bya - oxygen becomes significant component of the atmosphere | * 2.4 bya - oxygen becomes significant component of the atmosphere | ||
| - | * 1 bya - 800 mya - Rodinia supercontinent exists | + | * 1 bya - multicellular plants (algae) and animals |
| * 770 - 750 mya - first ice age | * 770 - 750 mya - first ice age | ||
| - | * before | + | * before |
| - | * Paleozoic (Primary) Era : 550 - 250 mya | + | |
| * Cambrian - small shelled animals, corals | * Cambrian - small shelled animals, corals | ||
| * Ordovician - starfish, jawless fish | * Ordovician - starfish, jawless fish | ||
| * Silurian - land plants, ferns, sharks, fish | * Silurian - land plants, ferns, sharks, fish | ||
| * Devonian - first tetrapods - evolution of fish onto land | * Devonian - first tetrapods - evolution of fish onto land | ||
| - | * Carboniferous - reptiles, amphibians, spiders, | + | * Carboniferous - reptiles, amphibians, spiders, |
| - | * Permian - more synapsids (mammal-like reptiles) | + | * Permian - synapsids (proto-mammalian |
| + | * 250 mya - Extinction event, 83% of species die off | ||
| * 300 mya - 250 mya - last supercontinent Pangaea exists | * 300 mya - 250 mya - last supercontinent Pangaea exists | ||
| - | * Mesozoic (Secondary) Era : 250 - 65 mya | + | |
| * Triassic - turtles, lizards, dinosaurs, mammals | * Triassic - turtles, lizards, dinosaurs, mammals | ||
| + | * 200 mya - Tr-J extinction event allows dinosaurs to start becoming dominant. Kills > 50 % of species. | ||
| * Jurassic - squids, frogs, birds | * Jurassic - squids, frogs, birds | ||
| - | * Cretaceous - more dinosaurs, flowering plants, snakes, modern fish, toothed birds | + | * Cretaceous - dinosaurs |
| - | * Cenozoic Era : 65 mya - present | + | |
| - | * Tertiary - more mammals, grasses, apes, hominids | + | * **Cenozoic Era** : 65 mya - present |
| + | * Tertiary - mammals | ||
| * Quaternary | * Quaternary | ||
| * Pleistocene (1.8 mya - 8000 ya) - mammoths, Neanderthals | * Pleistocene (1.8 mya - 8000 ya) - mammoths, Neanderthals | ||
| * Holocene (8000 ya - now) - modern humans | * Holocene (8000 ya - now) - modern humans | ||
| + | ===== History of the World ===== | ||
| + | Human historical ages based on behavioural and cultural characteristics vary significantly based on location since different areas developed at different rates. Figures given here are a rough average estimate. | ||
| + | * 4 mya - earliest humans | ||
| + | * ** Stone Age ** : 2.5 mya - ~3000 BC | ||
| + | * Paleolithic age - 2.5 mya - ~8000BC - Still in the Pleistocene era. Human ancestors roam as bands of hunters/ | ||
| + | * Mesolithic age - ~8000BC - ~6000BC - Rising sea levels force a need to adapt. More complex settlements and the first tribes appear. Microlithic tools and boats are developed and fishing becomes a source of food. | ||
| + | * Neolithic age - ~6000BC - ~3000BC - Agriculture (farming and herding) and related tools (plough, hoe, yoke etc) are developed. Domestication of animals begins. The earliest towns and temples are built. | ||
| + | * ** Bronze Age ** : ~3300BC - ~1200BC - Bronze (an alloy of copper and tin or of copper with naturally occurring arsenic) comes into use. In some areas this is preceded by a Copper Age. Elaborate cities with high levels of social and economic complexity and complex religions are developed along with extensive trade and early writing. | ||
| + | * ~3500BC - Sumerian civilization | ||
| + | * ~3300BC - Harappan Civilization | ||
| + | * 3110BC - 332BC - Egyptian civilization. Starts with unification of Egypt under Menes and ends with conquering by Alexander. 30 dynasties, most falling into 3 kingdom (old 3100BC-2200BC, | ||
| + | * 3000BC - 1450BC - Minoan civilisation on Crete. Beginning of writing. Ends with being conquered by Mycenaeans. | ||
| + | * 1650BC - 1200BC - Mycenaean civilisation based around fortified palaces or acropolises. Further development of Minoan civilisation including writing. Homer' | ||
| + | * ** Iron Age ** : ~1100BC - 800BC - Iron and steel are used for weapons and curring tools. This is the final of the 3 prehistoric ages and ends with the beginning of the historical period. The Greek Dark Ages occur during this period, triggered by invasion of Dorian people with iron weapons. Art, civilization and written language disappear. | ||
| + | * ** Classical Era ** : ~800BC - ~500AD - Period comprising the interlocking civilizations of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, collectively known as the Greco-Roman world. | ||
| + | * Greek history | ||
| + | * ~800BC - ~500BC - Greek Archaic period - Marked by significant advancements in political theory and the rise of the polis (city-state) as well as the beginnings of classical philosophy, theatre, poetry and the reintroduction of written language. | ||
| + | * ~500BC - 323BC - Classical Greek period or golden age. Much of modern politics, artistic thought, scientific thought, literature, and philosophy derives from this ancient society. Wars between city-states led mainly by Athens and Sparta. Ends with the rise of Macedon and the short-lived rise of Alexander the Great (336BC-323BC) | ||
| + | * 323BC - 330AD - Decline of Greek civilisation and capture by Romans (146BC) | ||
| + | * Roman History | ||
| + | * 753BC - 509BC - Roman Kingdom | ||
| + | * 509BC - 44BC - Roman Republic expands from central Italy to encompass France, Spain, the Mediterranean and northern Africa. Ends with the appointment of Julius Caesar as dictator in 44BC or with its first ruler Octavia (aka Augustus) in 27BC. | ||
| + | * 44BC - 476 - Roman Empire expands to include Turkey through Egypt. Divided into East and West in 395. The Western Roman empire including Rome collapsed in 476. The Eastern Roman Empire persists as the Byzantine Empire until 1453. | ||
| + | * ** Middle Ages ** | ||
| + | * ** Reformation & Renaissance ** | ||
